1
Chavez ML, Chavez PI. Echinacea.
Hosp Pharm 1998;33:180-8.
2 Barrett B.
Medicinal properties of Echinacea:
a critical review. Phytomedicine
2003;10:66-86.
3 Awang DVC,
Kindack DG. Echinacea. Can Pharm J
November 1999:512-6.
4 Gilroy CM,
Steiner JF, Byers T, et al.
Echinacea and truth in labeling.
Arch Intern Med 2003;163:699-704.
5 Luettig B,
Steinmuller C, Gifford GE, et al.
Macrophage activation by the
polysaccharide arabinogalactan
isolated from plant cell cultures
of Echinacea purpurea. J Natl
Cancer Inst 1989;81:669-75.
6 Stimpel M,
Proksch A, Wagner H, et al.
Macrophage activation and
induction of macrophage
cytotoxicity by purified
polysaccharide fractions from the
plant Echinacea purpurea. Infect
Immun 1984;46:845-9.
7 Tragni E, Tubaro
A, Melis S, Galli CL. Evidence
from two classic irritation tests
for an anti-inflammatory action of
a natural extract, Echinacina B.
Food Chem Toxicol 1985;23:317-9.
8 Muller-Jakic B,
Breu W, Probstle A, et al. In
vitro inhibition of cyclooxygenase
and 5-lipoxygenase by alkamides
from Echinacea and Achillea
species. Planta Med 1994;60:37-40.
9 Leung AY, Foster
S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural
Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs
and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
10 Facino RM,
Carini M, Aldini G, et al.
Echinacoside and caffeoyl
conjugates protect collagen from
free radical-induced degradation:
a potential use of echinacea
extracts in the prevention of skin
photodamage. Planta Med
1995;61:510-4.
11 Binns SE,
Purgina B, Bergeron C.
Light-mediated antifungal activity
of Echinacea extracts. Plant Med
2000;66:241-4.
12 Online
document at:
www.naturaldatabase.com
13 Brinkeborn RM,
Shah DV, Degenring FH. Echinaforce
and other Echinacea fresh plant
preparations in the treatment of
the common cold. A randomized,
placebo controlled, double-blind
clinical trial. Phytomedicine
1999;6:1-6.
14 Yale SH, Liu
K. Echinacea purpurea therapy for
the treatment of the common cold:
a randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1237-41 .
15 Hoheisel O,
Sandberg M, Bertram S, et al.
Echinagard treatment shortens the
course of the common cold: a
double blind, placebo-controlled
clinical trial. Eur J Clin Res
1997;9:261-268.
16 Gunning K.
Echinacea in the treatment and
prevention of upper respiratory
tract infections. West J Med
1999;171:198-200.
17 Sperber SJ,
Shah LP, Gilbert RD, et al.
Echinacea purpurea for prevention
of experimental rhinovirus colds.
Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1367-71.
18 Mullins RJ.
Allergic reactions to Echinacea. J
Allergy Clin Immunol
2000;104:S340-341 (Abstract 1003).
19 Mullins RJ,
Heddle R. Adverse reactions
associated with echinacea: the
Australian experience. Ann Allergy
Asthma Immunol 2002;88:42-51.
20 Mengs U, Clare
CB, Poiley JA. Toxicity of
Echinacea purpurea. Acute,
subacute and genotoxicity studies.
Arzneimittelforschung
1991;41:1076-81.
21 Budzinski JW,
Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, et al. An
in vitro evaluation of human
cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by
selected commercial herbal
extracts and tinctures.
Phytomedicine 2000;7:273-82. 18
Ibid
Return to
Echinacea Introduction