1 Goldsmith LA. The velvet case. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:768.
 
2 Huang KC. The pharmacology of Chinese herbs. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1999;266-7.
 
3 Ko KM, Yip TT, Tsao SW, et al. Epidermal growth factor from deer (Cervus elaphus) submaxillary gland and velvet antler (abstract). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1986;3:431-40.
 
4 Suttie JM, Fennessy PF, Lapwood KR, Corson ID.   Role of steroids in antler growth of red deer stags.  J Exp Zool. 1995 Feb 1;271(2):120-30.

5 Sleivert G, Burke V, Palmer C, Walmsley A, Gerrard D, Haines S, Littlejohn R.  The effects of deer antler velvet extract or powder supplementation on aerobic power, erythropoiesis, and muscular strength and endurance characteristics.  Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2003 Sep;13(3):251-65.
 
6 Anonymous. Human clinical trials show significant results for New Zealand deer antler velvet's effect on sports performance. Online document at: www.prnewswire.com
 
7 Kim HS, Lim HK, Park WK. Antinarcotic effects of the velvet antler water extract on morphine in mice (abstract). J Ethnopharmacol 1999;66:41-9.
 
8 Wang, BX, Zhao XH, Qi SB, Yang XW, Kaneko S, Hattori M, Mamba T and Nomura Y. Stimulating effect of deer antler extract on protein synthesis in senescence-accelerated mice in vivo. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36: 2593-2598. 1988b.
 
9 Albov NA, Borovskaya VA and Kofanav IF. Clinical observations on the influence of Pantocrine on cardiac patients. In S.M. Pavlenko (editor) Pantocrine. A Publication of Articles on Studies of the Curative Properties in Pantocrine. Sojuzchimexport, Moscow, USSR, 21-26. 1969a.
 

10 Bensky D, Gamble A, Kaptchuk T. Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica. Seattle, WA: Eastland Press. 1996;483-5.
 
11 Online Document at: http://www.naturaldatabase.com/